Facts and Figures About the Cave Lion

Facts and Figures About the Cave Lion The cave lion is a subspecies of lion that went extinct around 12,400 years ago. It was one of the largest subspecies of a lion to have ever lived. Scientists believe it was as much as ten percent larger than modern lions. Its often depicted in cave paintings as having some kind of collar fluff and possibly stripes. Cave Lion Basics Scientific Name:  Panthera leo spelaeaHabitat: Woodlands and mountains of EurasiaHistorical Period: Late Pleistocene-Modern (500,000-2,000 years ago)Size and Weight: Up to 7-8 feet long and 700-800 poundsDiet: MeatDistinguishing Characteristics: Large size; powerful limbs; possibly manes and stripes About the Cave Lion (Panthera Leo Spelaea) One of the most feared predators of the late Pleistocene epoch, the Cave Lion (Panthera leo spelaea) is technically classified as a subspecies of Panthera leo, the modern lion. This was discovered by a genetic sequencing of the cave lions fossil remains. Essentially, this was a plus-sized cat that roamed the vast expanse of Eurasia. It feasted on a wide array of mammalian megafauna including prehistoric horses and prehistoric elephants. The cave lion was also a voracious predator of the cave bear, Ursus spelaeus; in fact, this cat received its name not because it lived in caves, but because numerous intact skeletons have been found in Cave Bear habitats. Cave lions preyed opportunistically on hibernating cave bears, which must have seemed like a good idea until their intended victims woke up! Extinction As is the case with many prehistoric predators, its unclear why the cave lion vanished off the face of the earth about 2,000 years ago. Its possible that it was hunted to extinction by the early human settlers of Eurasia, who would have had a vested interest in banding together and eliminating any cave lions in the immediate vicinity. These same humans regarded the cave lion with reverence and awe, as evidenced by numerous cave paintings. But its more likely that the cave lion succumbed to a combination of climate change and the disappearance of its usual prey; after all, small bands of Homo sapiens could more easily over-hunt prehistoric deer, pigs, and another mammalian megafauna  than these huge, fanged predators. In October 2015, researchers in Siberia made an astonishing discovery: a group of frozen cave lion kittens, dating to about 10,000 B.C. One of them still had its fur intact. While its not uncommon for explorers to stumble across quick-frozen wooly mammoths, this is the first time a prehistoric cat has been found in permafrost. It opens up entirely new avenues of investigation into life during the late Pleistocene epoch: for instance, laboratory technicians may be able to analyze the mothers milk recently ingested by the kittens and thus discern their mothers diet. It also may be possible to recover fragments of DNA from the cave kittens soft tissues, which could, conceivably, one day facilitate the de-extinction of Panthera leo spelaea.

189062 †Prisons provide the ideal opportunity Essays

189062 – Prisons provide the ideal opportunity Essays 189062 – Prisons provide the ideal opportunity Essay 189062 – Prisons provide the ideal opportunity Essay 189062 – Prisons provide the ideal chance for handling drug users. Discuss. A comparatively high proportion of offense is committed by wrongdoers who misuse drugs. It is hence recognized that the condemnable justness system can play a cardinal function in undertaking single jobs of drug maltreatment, by supplying intervention to wrongdoers convicted of drug-related offenses. Prison offers a premier chance for promoting drug misusers to prosecute in intervention and support procedures. The Prison Service has in topographic point a model of intervention and support to turn to a broad scope of drug abuse jobs ( Home Office ) . [ 1 ] This essay will analyze the claims that prison provides the ideal chance for handling drug users. The strongest forecaster of offense among male childs and work forces is drug usage ( Home Office, 2000a ) . It has been calculated that wrongdoers feeding their drug wonts commit one in three burglaries and street robberies, together with a high sum of crack-related force and harlotry. The estimated cost of drug-driven offense is ?304 billion a twelvemonth. ( Nacro, 1999a ) . [ 2 ] These figures highlight the relationship between drug-use and offense. Through media coverage of statistics such as these the public identify drug usage as the predominant underlying cause of offense. Although, this perceptual experience is inaccurate, it is important in cut downing society’s fright of offense that the authorities are seen to penalize wrongdoers and tackle drug jobs head-on. Prisons are considered to be establishments for both punishing and rehabilitating wrongdoers. As grounds points to a relationship between drug abuse and offense, cut downing the abuse of drugs, should cut down offense Prisons can play a important function in rehabilitating drug users: †¦for at least the last 11 old ages at that place has been acknowledgment that intervention for drug dependence can take to decreases in offense behavior ( Barton, 2003:142 ) . Bean ( 2002:48-49 ) offers three chief grounds why intervention should be available in prisons: The first is to supply intervention for those who say they want it ; †¦Secondly, intervention programmes cut down the extent of drug usage in prisons by and large. Third, intervention in prison besides provides a agency by which drug users can be after for their release ( Bean, 2002:48-49 ) . The foundations of the prison drug intervention model are the Counselling, Assessment, Referral, Advice and Throughcare ( CARAT ) services. These run into the non-clinical demands of the great bulk of captives, supplying low threshold, low strength drug services. There are besides Intensive Treatment Programmes to run into the demands of captives with moderate to terrible drug abuse jobs and related piquing behavior. The quality of these intervention programmes is at least equal to anything provided in the community ( Home Office ) . [ 3 ] Much treatment has taken topographic point as to how successful these intervention programmes are. Are they readily available, good delivered, and do they really work? Many observers note that prisons are restricted in the scope of drug intervention programmes they can offer. This is chiefly due to the limited handiness of installations and staff and the length of clip that captives are in detention. For this ground many argue that these programmes are non specific to the jobs of single wrongdoers and are mostly uneffective. John Burrows et Al ( 2000:3 ) reported that the proviso of drug services throughout prison constitutions was uneven and captives reported that the intervention frequently depended on what was available instead than what was appropriate to their demands. [ 4 ] It is argued that handling drug users in prison is mostly unsuccessful as drugs are readily available within the prison walls. Burrows et Al ( 2000:3 ) study that drug pickings among prison populations prior to captivity is high, with usage in the 12 months before come ining prison runing from 40 % to approximately 70 % . Findingss from captive self-report surveies show that many continue to utilize drugs whilst in detention. [ 5 ] Hough produced a study for the Home Office ( 1996 ) analyzing drug abuse and the condemnable justness system. He highlighted the undermentioned issues: Illegal drugs are widely available in prisons, and the defeats of prison life may increase the attraction of drugs to captives. Inmate civilization in some establishments can put a positive value on drug usage, and drugs are of import in the captive economic system. Whatever prisons may accomplish, intervention is provided in an environment which is nil like the one into which inmates are released ( Hough, 1996:40 ) . There is small grounds to propose that handling drug-users in prison has had a important influence on the piquing behavior of those treated. Bean ( 2002: 49 ) argues that it is non yet possible to estimate the impact of the intervention of drug users in prison for a figure of grounds. †¦it is non clear what standards should be used to mensurate the impact of programmes or to find to what extent captivity itself was of greater importance than the intervention. Reconvictions, and possibly go oning drug usage, are the lone steps by and large available but these are non ever valid steps and are seldom dependable. In decision, there is much public and political involvement in the decrease of drug abuse and drug-related offense. Most observers agree that prison provides an ideal chance to undertake single drug jobs: In an ideal universe, prisons would†¦provide a alone chance for handling job drug users. Prisons have control over their inmates ; prisons have clip to consequence alteration ; and the fringy costs of supplying intervention are modest in comparing with the costs of imprisonment ( Hough, 1996:40 ) . However, there are a figure of issues that continue to blockade any important success. As South ( 2002:930 ) concludes: The small research available suggests that imprisonment may hold small consequence on drug or drug related offense behavior. Furthermore, prison is non by and large an effectual environment for cut downing committedness to a drug-using life style. Mentions Barton, A. ( 2003 )Illicit Drugs: Use and Control, London: Routledge. Bean, P. ( 2002 )Drugs and Crime, Cullompton: Willan Publishing. Hough, M. ( 1996 )Drugs Misuse and the Criminal Justice System: A reappraisal of the literature, Home Office. Joyce, P. ( 2001 )Crime and the Criminal Justice System, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. South, N. ( 2002 ) ‘Drugs, Alcohol, and Crime’ , in Maguire, M. Morgan, R. A ; Reiner, R. ( 2002 )The Oxford Handbook of Criminology ( Third Edition) , Oxford: Oxford University Press. www.drugs.gov.uk/drug-interventions-programme/strategy/prison/ Word Count: 1004 1

Overview of Hawk Bells

Overview of Hawk Bells A hawk bell (also called hawking or hawks bell) is a small round object made of sheet brass or copper, originally used as part of falconry equipment in medieval Europe. Hawk bells were also brought to the American continents by early European explorers and colonizers in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries as potential trade goods. When they are found in Mississippian contexts in the southern United States, hawk bells are considered evidence for direct or indirect Mississippian contact with early European expeditions such as those by Hernando de Soto, Pnfilo de Navez, or others. Bells and Medieval Falconry The original use of hawk bells was, of course, in falconry. Hawking, the use of trained raptors to capture wild game, is an elite sport that was established throughout Europe no later than AD 500. The primary raptor used in hawking was peregrine and gyrfalcon, but they were only owned by the highest ranked individuals. The lower nobility and wealthier commoners practiced falconry with the goshawk and sparrow hawk. Hawking bells were part of the equipment of the medieval falconer, and they were attached in pairs to one of the birds legs by a short leather leash, called a bewit. Other hawking paraphernalia included leather leads called jesses, lures, hoods and gloves. The bells are necessarily made of light material, weighing no more than seven grams (1/4 ounce). Hawk bells found on archaeological sites are larger, although no more than 3.2 centimeters (1.3 inches) in diameter. Historical Evidence Spanish historical records dated to the 16th century describe the use of hawking bells (in Spanish: cascabeles grandes de bronce or large brass hawking bells) as trade items, along with iron knives and scissors, mirrors, and glass beads as well as clothing, maize and cassava. Although bells are not specifically mentioned in the de Soto chronicles, they were distributed as trade goods by several different Spanish explorers, including Pnfilo de Navez, who gave bells to Dulchanchellin, a Mississippian chief in Florida, in 1528; and Pedro Menà ©ndez de Aviles, who in 1566 presented Calusa headmen with bells among other objects. Because of this, in the southern half of what is today the United States, hawk bells are often cited as evidence of the Pnfilo de Navez and Hernando de Soto expeditions of the mid-16th century. Types of Bells Two types of hawk bells have been identified within the American continents: the Clarksdale bell (generally dated to the 16th century) and the Flushloop bell (generally dated to the 17th-19th centuries), both named by American archaeologists, rather than the original manufacturer. The Clarksdale bell (named after the Clarksdale Mound in Mississippi where the type bell was found) is made up of two undecorated copper or brass hemispheres crimped together and secured by a square flange around the midsection. At the base of the bell are two holes connected by a narrow slit. The wide loop (often 5 cm [~2 in] or better) at the top is secured by pushing the ends through a hole in the upper hemisphere and soldering the separate ends to the interior of the bell. The Flushloop bell has a thin strip of brass for an attachment loop, which was secured by pushing the ends of the of the loop through a hole in the bell and separating them. The two hemispheres were soldered rather than crimped together, leaving little or no surficial flange. Many specimens of the Flushloop bell have two decorative grooves encircling each hemisphere. Dating the Hawk Bell In general, Clarksdale type bells are the rarer form  and tend to be discovered in earlier contexts. Most date to the 16th century, although there are exceptions. Flushloop bells are generally dated in the 17th century or later, with the majority dated 18th and 19th century. Ian Brown has argued that Flushloop bells are of English and French manufacture, while the Spanish are the source of the Clarksdale. Clarksdale bells have been found in many historic Mississippian sites throughout the southern United States, such as Seven Springs (Alabama), Little Egypt and Poarch Farm (Georgia), Dunns Creek (Florida), Clarksdale (Mississippi), Toqua (Tennessee); as well as at Nueva Cadiz in Venezuela.   Sources Boyd CC, Jr., and Schroedl GF. 1987. In Search of Coosa. American Antiquity 52(4):840-844. Brown IW. 1979. Bells. In: Brain JP, editor. Tunica Treasure. Cambridge: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard Univesity. p 197-205. Mitchem JM, and McEwan BG. 1988. New data on early bells from Florida. Southeastern Archaeology 7(1):39-49. Prummel W. 1997. Evidence of hawking (falconry) from bird and mammal bones. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7(4):333-338. Sears WH. 1955. Creek and Cherokee Culture in the 18th Century. American Antiquity 21(2):143-149. Thibodeau AM, Chesley JT, and Ruiz J. 2012. Lead isotope analysis as a new method for identifying material culture belonging to the Vzquez de Coronado expedition. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(1):58-66.

Describe your decision making process in choosing physical therapy as Personal Statement

Describe your decision making process in choosing physical therapy as a career choice versus other health care careers - Personal Statement Example There are various roles that are played by the physical therapists in different fields such as healthcare and hospitals among others. A plan and a process are followed and established by a physical therapist to take care of the problems in the human body regarding the physical functions. The physical therapy as a profession has emerged after the World War II and has expanded, developed and grown its self-sufficiency. The physical therapy in the present day context possesses positive, skilled and specialized practitioners on the edge of healthcare and is determined to be one of the most preferred careers to choose. In this day and age, physical therapists are engaged in playing major roles in the field of healthcare by providing services regarding the physical functioning of the human body. I am choosing physical therapy as a profession that I have set a goal to continue to do in the years to come and to help people and take care of them regarding the physical problems of the body. I love to help and take care of the people; I feel great to see that someone is progressing and recovering from the problems relating to the physical function of the body with my help. The aspect of supportive skill which is possessed by me would certainly provide benefit while dealing with the people as in the healthcare profession it is extremely important. I also possess the aspect of care and compassion which is a valuable and pertinent characteristic that would enable me to handle the people suffering from various physical problems with empathy. Everyone should love their professional career and should enjoy working with the aim to move ahead in future. If a person is not satisfied with the career and the work he/she is engaged with, or is not enjoying the work, he/she will not make any progress in respect of the field of career he/she is working in. As I love to help people, I have opted for physical therapy as my profession. A number of my family members and

SEA Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

SEA Statement - Essay Example Although the Environmental Assessment (Scotland) Act 2005 (the Act) has now come into force, the first preparatory act of the Draft Strategy was undertaken prior to commencement of the Act, and therefore the SEA has been undertaken in accordance with the Regulations and not the Act. Strategic Environmental Assessment, "a systematic method for considering the likely environmental effects of plans, programmes and strategies, during their development" (Walker, May 2007, p.1), aims decision-making after integrating environmental factors, environmental protection improving plans and participation of common people. Moreover, a formal consultation concerning SEA process is being undertaken. The utmost criteria of the SEA process: "[s]coping Report sent to Consultation Authorities in October 2006 and Final Strategy and Post adoption SEA Statement" (The Scottish Government, 2008). The Dublin City Council made a study in quest of available scopes for developing a new major water source for the Greater Dublin Area in 2005 and the council adopted the findings found by the SEA after considering ER and stakeholder issues. SEA Directive was transposed in England to carry out strategic environmental assessment for transport plans and programmes in England following requirements set by SEA which integrates the Directive's requirements with existing transport appraisal processes. Basically the objective of the SEA Directive is described by Article 1: "the SEA Directive is to provide for a high level of protection of the environment and to contribute to the integration of environmental considerations into the preparation and adoption of plans ... with a view to promoting sustainable development." (TAG, December 2004) Guidance thus can be mentioned that SEA has been securing new plans for transportation which will include the transport plans, and now, centralised to local plan implementation for transplantation. Again, the guidance is not willing to be used as a law rather provides a "basis for understanding SEA, but is no substitute for giving

Customer Relationship Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Customer Relationship Management - Assignment Example CRM is often referred to as ‘relationship marketing’ (Parvatiyar & Sheth, 2001, p. 3) and has much to do with customer acquisition and retention. These processes should, in their turn, be addressed by the whole organization as those playing a key role in organizational success. In addition, modern CRM is the approach that makes companies not simply sell products, but fulfill the needs of the clients by means of creating value. Creating value, in its turn, though is a marketing concept, works as a strategy for building certain relationships with the clients and, in such a way, creating a competitive advantage for the company. The goal of any business is to bring profit via providing clients with goods or services. However, as competition in the globalized market is continuously becoming more and more fierce, companies have to be continuously developing and changing in order to remain competitive. Therefore, the quality of goods and services, the value they bring to the cu stomers and customer satisfaction are the tools for creating competitive advantage in the market.  The value that the good or service carries is to satisfy both the immediate physical and mental needs of a client. Creating value, in its turn, builds customer loyalty that is then expressed in increased sales and profit for the company (Reichheld & Teal, 1996, p. 3). A quite similar is the purpose of achieving customer satisfaction. A satisfied and happy client is more likely to return and purchase the goods or services of the business again. This is directly related to the company’s profit and, hence, opportunities for further growth and development. With the development of social media and communication technologies word of mouth has become an important tool for building a company’s image and brand identity. First of all, since the world has become more interconnected, it is easier for businesses to market their products. At the same time, advanced technologies are o f help to prospects and customers in the process of sharing opinions and experiences related to the company’s product. However, the development of social media and communication technologies is both an opportunity and a threat to businesses. Social media and digital communication channels provide businesses with wider opportunities for marketing their products and communicating the clients. In addition, since people often buy in response to independent positive opinions (Silverman, 2001, p. 6), word of mouth, which is being spread fast nowadays, has even evolved into the appearance of new marketing concepts, such a world of mouth marketing and viral marketing. Making people talk about the product in a positive light is, according to Silverman (2001, p. 6), one of the most effective ways of making people buy the product.

Compare two databases dealing with CPI by major expenditure categories Essay

Compare two databases dealing with CPI by major expenditure categories i.e. from the indices starting with U.S. All Items (1982 - Essay Example However, this essay aims at analyzing these effects from the purchases made frequently from many items with relatively stable prices. In most cases, the CPI is often applied in adjusting the income, retirement benefits, lease payments, and school lunch benefits. Other included items in this category include alimony and the tax brackets. Notably, the mode of CPI application in the United States affects nearly all Americans since it is based on buying habits of average consumers (Strawser and Ryan, 2010). However, it may not be a perfect reaction of an individual price experiences. Nonetheless, the CPI is fundamentally feasible economical method for statistical provision in its appropriate applications. Numerous or nearly all the nation CPI results usually differ from individual’s price expenditure, a vital factor to be considered in this statistical application is how a person spends his/her money/income. The consumer expenditure survey estimates revealed that each consumer ser vice or good produces CPI expenditure weights that are equally significant relative to all other market bracket good and services (Strawser and Ryan, 2012). ... The same effect will increase the consumer average significantly. The CPI usually divides the consumer bracket market into groups of goods and services and each of the brackets can be estimated approximately using expenditure pattern. This can only be done using an expenditure pattern that can be used us1ed to compare different but significant data sets. From the data sets below, the approximate weights for all the Urban Consumers (CPI-U) are as per the columns data set. It should be noted that some data sets show a sharp difference from the CPI average (Schuldes, 2011). This is an indication of difference changes in price measures in the total market bracket. For instance, the expenditure pattern with high medical care expenditure appears may be tabulated for the month of October 2001 (Strawser and Ryan, 2010). Relative Importance Table 1: individual expenditure Increment in the prices of food and beverages by five percent and medical care costs by ten percent with no changes in the prices of other commodities will still change the overall CPI within the price index by nearly 1.4 percent. Table 2: National CPI-U Average Notably, the same changes can affect CPI on yearly basis and the same effect can be analyzed from the statistical data presented in the table below. Table 3: different databases dealing with CPI by major expenditure categories on an yearly basis Graph 1: expenditure per year on the reflection on annual inflation Graph 2: annual inflation trend. The graph 1 & 2 above are obtained from the table 3 above. There indicate that increase in the average level of prices increase leads to Inflation that increases the CPI thereby affecting the spending habit of consumers within